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A few words about tiller

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tiller words
79K views 53 replies 41 participants last post by  pavan  
#1 · (Edited)
I've been getting a lot of emails asking me to post more here, so I thought I'd share a few thoughts about tiller. When people ask about tiller they are usually told to set it somewhere and leave it, or that it simply doesn't matter. For some people that may be the best, but for people looking for the last measure from their bow, a working knowledge of tiller is just as important as knowing how to adjust brace height or plunger tension. I've read several books on tuning and not one of them gave an adequate explaination, so here you go:

Tiller is proabaly the least understood and most confusing part of tuning, but it is actually very smple. The tiller adjustment simply controls the balance between the force that the top and bottom limbs exert on the arrow at release. That's it. The measured tiller that a bow needs to shoot correctly depends on whatever mismatch exists in the limbs, the design of the riser, and the input from the shooter. Let's take those one at a time.

Most ILF limbs are designed at zero tiller. One exception to that is Border limbs and there may be others. Zero tiller means that an attempt was made to match the top and bottom. In reality that can vary a bit. That is why limbs are always marked "top" and "bottom". It's important that you keep the limbs in the same position that the bow is tuned in, unless you know for sure that they are EXACTLY matched. Being slightly mismatched is not a problem, but just requires that understanding. In fact I have deliberatly put the bottom limb on top in a few cases where I needed the stronger or weaker limb in that position.

The riser design is in the hands of the engineer who designs it, so I won't say too much about that. I will say that any well designed riser should require minimal tiller. Any bow or riser that demands high tiller to shoot right is not properly engineered or perhaps constructed poorly.

Shooter input is where a knowledge of tiller can pay dividends. The tiller that a bow needs depends on the grip pressure you exert, your finger placement on the string, and the distribution of pressure between your fingers. For this reason, any tiller adjustment is best done by people who have fairly repeatable form. If you are changing these inputs on every shot, then adjusting tiller will be an exercise in frustration. The fundamental building block of any tuning attempt is the ability to shoot decent bareshaft groups. OK, now to the crux of the bisquit.

The most fundamental adjustment of tiller is actually made by adjusting the nock point. Since most trad bows do not have adjustable tiller, the only way to achieve balance is to adjust where you contact the string. On a well designed bow, you should be able to reach the balance point fairly close to having the arrow level. The farther out of tiller the bow is, the higher your nocking point may need to be. Your nocking point may also have to be higher if you shoot 3 under with a bow designed for split finger. Raising the nocking point is fine to a degree, but if extreme nocking points are needed, then you will set up an imbalance in the bow that will create vibration and noise. This is why so many people think shooting 3 under is noisy. There is NO truth to that. Shooting a bow that is out of tiller or imbalanced by excessively high nock points IS noisy. My idea of excessive nock height on my bows is anything over 3/8". All of my personal bows run 3/16" to 1/4" and no more. Any adjustment past that is made by using the tiller bolts, or by swapping the limbs around, or both.

Here's how the process works:

First I set up my bow with a fairly low nock point, say 1/8" to 1/4" and shoot a group of bare shafts and fletched arrows into a bale. If the bare shafts group just slightly low, then I start creeping the nock point down. If the BS group is high, then creep the nock point up. If the group spacing is over 5", let's say, then I would leave the nock point alone and adjust the tiller slightly. ADJUSTING THE TILLER TO A MORE NEGATIVE STATE WILL RAISE THE BARESHFT GROUP, going more positive will lower it. Since you are adjusting the difference between the limbs, you can either adjust one bolt or both (in opposite directions). Here are some rules of the road:

1. Positive tiller means that there is more preload on the bottom limb, so that tiller measurement will be smaller. Generally split fingers requires 1/16 to 1/8 of positive tiller, meaning that the top measurement will be 1/16 to 1/8 larger. Generally 3 under requires close to zero. The term positive tiller comes from "top limb positive" meaning that the top measurement is larger. Sorry, but it makes about as much sense as "back" and "belly".

2. Tightening a tiller bolt will increase preload, loosening will decrease it. To get more positive tiller, you would tighten the bottom bolt and loosen the top bolt, or you could do one or the other alone for a smaller adjustment. One trick that I use is to put the strongest limb on bottom for positive tiller, or on top for negative tiller. You can find the strong limb by adjusting the tiller to zero and looking at the space under each limb. The limb with the biggest space is the strong one.

3. Always draw the bow a few times or shoot a couple shots to settle the adjustment before measuring.

4. Since you may have changed the draw weight slightly, the last step is to check the draw weight and readjust if needed. Always turn the tiller bolts in the same direction and EXACTLY the same amount to keep the tiller adjustment good during the weight adjustment.

5. Make sure you have properly spined arrows before adjusting tiller. Really stiff arrows can bounce off the shelf or rest and give you some screwy results that are not tiller related.

Make very small adjustments, like maybe 5 minutes on the hand of a clock. Some bows will be much more sensitive than others. You will learn through experience how far to adjust your bow. My go-to bow is a 58" DAS shooting 295gr arrows. The short length and light arrow weight make it very sensitive. I can change the point of impact of my bareshafts by 6" with a change of 3/16" of tiller (turning the bolts from about 12:00 to 4:00). Longer bows will be less sensitive. Make small adjustments and shoot a test group after each one. Remember that you are looking at where the bareshafts impact relative to the fletched arrows. When you get close, lock the bolts and use the nock point for that last tweak. Like I said, I like to end up with about 3/16" to 1/4" of nockpoint rise.

Remember that the goal is to get all the settings as close to center as possible. In other words, 1/2" of tiller compensated by a 3/4" high nock point is not good even if the bareshafts look reasonable. What you have done is compensated one big error with another big error. Try to work it down so that a small tiller setting is offset or complimented by a small nock point setting. That way your bow is not fighting itself and it will be quieter and vibration free. The better designed your riser is, the closer you can get to zero on everything.

OR If none of that makes sense, just set it at zero and leave it ;)

Here's a little bedtime tiller story. Many of you know I got my index finger caught in a machine over a year ago and my shooting has been a challenge ever since. I've pretty much overcome the handicapped finger with a somewhat onorthodox string pickup. I shoot 3 under, but I can't curl my index finger anymore so I get a good hook with my middle and ring finger, and let my index finger sort of stick out as an anchor point. The result is that it shifts the string pressure down on the string farther than a normal 3 under. For that reason I actually shoot a slightly negative tiller on my bows (about -1mm). Nothing at all wrong with negative tiller, it's just unusual for most people to need it. It could also be used to some advantage by stringwalkers.

David
 
#7 ·
David:

Thanks for that explanation. Now you've got my brain wondering all sorts of stuff - like how do Japanese bowyers tiller a standard Japanese longbow a Yumi - a Daikyū?

Also the explanation about how a shorter bow is more sensitive to tiller changes than longer bows - another reason why longer bows are more "stable"?

Chuck
 
#9 ·
David,

great info, thank you.

However, is there a typo here?

DAS said:
First I set up my bow with a fairly low nock point, say 1/8" and shoot a group of bare shafts and fletched arrows into a bale. If the bare shafts group just slightly low, then I start creeping the the nock point up.
If the bare shafts impact low, shouldn't the nocking point be lowered instead? Or is there something that I managed to misunderstand again, lol.

-bm.
 
#10 ·
I think you're right, barker. David just misspoke in a post that was otherwise as near perfect as any I have seen on tiller and provides much more information than any I've seen.

You know, David, you really should do more of these kind of posts, time permitting of course. You're perspective - that of someone who has built the most perfectly balanced riser I, for only one I'm sure, have ever had the privilege of shooting - is probably as true a one as can be gotten. The DAS Master is the only riser I have ever been able to set at zero tiller and shoot three-under with a nocking point less than 1/4" high. I have a very good-shooting Samick which requires 3/8" or more to get perfect bareshaft tune at zero tiller.

Great post!
 
#11 ·
Ah, this has helped me a great deal. I set my nock point on my DAS much higher than recommended based on experience with other bows, and had to lower it for better flight but did not understand why. Thank you, David!
 
#12 ·
Thanks Dave
You have confirmed some of what I have believed to have found. But I have not had the time to prove it. It is interesting that different limbs from manufactures require “slightly” different tiller settings for perfect arrow flight from the same riser. I (Think) have also found that shooting Three under at not more then 3/16 nock height and a lower then the recommended brace height is not necessarily nosier if the tiller is correct. It seems that for me Zero tiller has been the best arrow flight. I have also a change from 10 strand to a 12 strand D-97 can also require a small tweak.

It must be noted That to do any tuning at all take notes as to any and all settings. If you do not know where you have started from, there is no way that you are going to know where you are going to, or ever where you are when you arrive..
:2cents:
 
#14 ·
DAS said:
Most ILF limbs are designed at zero tiller. One exception to that is Border limbs and there may be others. Zero tiller means that an attempt was made to match the top and bottom. In reality that can vary a bit. That is why limbs are always marked "top" and "bottom". It's important that you keep the limbs in the same position that the bow is tuned in, unless you know for sure that they are EXACTLY matched. Being slightly mismatched is not a problem, but just requires that understanding. In fact I have deliberatly put the bottom limb on top in a few cases where I needed the stronger or weaker limb in that position.
David, thanks for writing this clear explanation on what for me is a fuzzy subject.

Your discussion of top and bottom limbs is making me wonder. The CF-coated Winex limbs you sent with my Elite riser don't have any clear indication of top or bottom. The writing at the base of each limb is sideways, so no help there. Should I just choose one, mark it top or bottom, and give it a try?
 
#16 ·
Good call Barking Mad, I apologize for that error. I should have had someone proof read it. I had a few minutes and just sat down and whacked it out and hit submit. I'll go back and edit it before I steer anyone wrong.

Oz, The geometry of my riser is something I spent a good bit of time on, and took some risk on too. Because of the short riser, and the way it would be used, I had to think out of the box a little. I haven't seen the same proportions on any other riser, well, uh, except one ;) .

Van, yep, note taking is a must. I've got a big nasty piece of masking tape on my limb with my notes. When I get everything the way I like it, I'll make a little sticker with all the details for future reference and leave it on the bow. My long range rifles have similar note stickers. If I have to make a 500 yard shot in a 12mph cross wind, I know where to hold by checking those notes. As I have so painfully proven, it's easy to get turned around :eek:

Phiba,
If you look at the stickers, it will say (in very small print) "upper" and "lower". If for some reason, it doesn't, the lower limb sticker will have a border around it while the upper sticker does not. Failing all that, yea just pick a limb and call it "bottom" and stick with it. If there is a difference you can see, you can deliberately put the limb one place or the other.

David
 
#17 · (Edited)
Ok,
I fixed it and added another paragragh to clarify another point I made. My apologies again :sorry: The people here are awesome in that nobody can fly BS or even a simple mistake under the radar. The tiller thing has been frustrating because finding good clear info is tough. Most of the sources I've read talk about the bow pulling unevenly, but I gotta tell you: By the time the tiller is so far out that the bow pulls unevenly, you've got a bow that is almost unshootable. That explaination is in my mind a copout. There is a whole world between unshootable and perfection.

David
 
#19 ·
David's point about a bow being so out of tiller that it's unshootable takes me back to when I first started building bows. I wanted them to be beautiful and figured if tiller was self-bow close there wouldn't be any shootability issues. LOL! My first big "aha" was when I realized that perfect proportion of the riser, from my own purely ascetic standpoint, was inconsistent (at least in natural mat'ls only) with shootability. That was a tough but very significant lesson in the importance both of tiller and of a well balanced riser that makes good tiller easy to achieve. This post has some reference to almost everything I taught myself about tiller over the first few dozen bows I built.
 
#21 ·
Good post David.

I'd add that in my experience Hoyt and SKY limbs are also made with built in tiller (usually around 1/8").

I'd also add that radically changing grip profiles will effect tiller as well. One might find that they need less tiller (or negative tiller) with a low grip than with a very high grip. This is because you change the effective pressure point of the riser.
 
#22 ·
Seven,
I'm not sure what to make of Bob's comment. Certainly if the tiller is close you can shoot fine with it although the bow may be a bit noisier. If the tiller is out though, it will cause trouble. I've had one piece bows that I never could get the porpoising out of because of improper tiller. Like all this stuff though, I urge people to do their own experimenting and decide for themselves what they want to focus on. Anytime you test these things you gain personal insight that is more valuable than taking something at face value.
One frustration that I've always had is that you hear people saying that their DAS is the best bow they've ever had and others say its noisy, doesn't shoot where they look etc. They are all right. If a person wants a bow that bucks, vibrates, and shoots like a dog, I can tune it that way. If a person wants smooth, quiet and fast, I can do that too. The devil is in some of these details.

David
 
#23 ·
Good point Scooter. I did mention grip pressure but didn't expand on that. I have had some longbow converts that have had trouble because they heal the bow excessively. They are used to shooting a straight grip. You can use a low wrist but the contact pressure should still be on the proper part of the grip. I think we have all experienced how far we can move the point of impact when our pressure point changes. Any final tiller setting should be at the grip position you use.

David
 
#26 ·
Just want to clarify where you put your nockset David. 1/4 inch above square, is that from the top of your arrow nock to the bottom of the nockset on an arrow squared on the rest?

I like adjustable efficiency and am thinking of trying tiller to get my nockset down some.

Right now my limbs are at zero tiller and my nockset is 1/2 inch from top of squared arrow nock to bottom of nockset.

Not as much as some unadjustable bows that I've had set up. It's just always been a part of shooting 3 under to me.

I'm hoping this will tweak the last bit of tail high bareshafting I get even though they are hitting with the fletched shafts very well out to 50.

So, move the nock to desired position and then begin to adjust tiller to get the bareshafts back into the group?

Anyone else try this? I'm welcoming all thoughts and experiences.

Thanks, Glynn